Sustainable Valorisation of Animal Manures via Thermochemical Conversion Technologies: An Inclusive Review on Recent Trends

Abstract Purpose With its substantial CO 2 eq emissions, the agricultural sector is a significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter. Animal manure alone contributes 16% of total emissions. rapidly increasing demand for animal-based protein, animal wastes are expected to rise if sustainable management practices not implemented. Manures have potential be treated generate valuable products (biofertiliser and biocrude) or feedstock energy production. Thermochemical conversion technologies such as pyrolysis, combustion, supercritical gasification (SCWG), etc., demonstrated their in valorisation. This study provides broader overview these envisages future valorisation trends. Methods The paper presents state-of-the-art review Characterisation manure, modelling optimisation thermochemical along with life cycle anaalysis (LCA) also reviewed. Results literature highlighted that can bio-oils, syngas, H , biofuels, heat, biochar carbon-free fertiliser. reported calorific value produced bio-oil was range 26 MJ/kg 32 MJ/kg. However, yet commercialised. major challenges associated scale-up derived feedstocks relatively high moisture ash content, lower higher concentration impurities (N, Cl, S). LCA studies conclude option it economical modest environmental threats. Significance Study briefly states current faced case manures using technologies. economic, societal advantages presented order promote scientific industrial development subject academic research community. Conclusions promising nutrient recovery. commercialisation viability needs wide-ranging evaluations techno-economics, life-cycle analysis, technology take-up identification stakeholders. There should clear-cut policies support It advocated amongst communities industries, which necessitates marketing by governments secure clean planet. Graphical